Set up Fail2ban intrusion prevention system with custom SSH, web server, and application protection rules. Configure email notifications and advanced filtering to automatically block malicious IP addresses based on log patterns.

Prerequisites

Root or sudo access
Active SSH service
Basic understanding of log files
Email server or SMTP access for notifications

What this solves

Fail2ban protects your server from brute force attacks and malicious access attempts by monitoring log files and automatically blocking suspicious IP addresses. This tutorial covers advanced configurations including custom jails for SSH, web servers, email alerts, and whitelist management for production environments.

Step-by-step installation

Update system packages

Start by updating your package manager to ensure you get the latest security patches and dependencies.

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

sudo dnf update -y

Install Fail2ban and required dependencies

Install Fail2ban along with mail utilities for email notifications and additional filtering tools.

sudo apt install -y fail2ban sendmail iptables-persistent whois

sudo dnf install -y fail2ban sendmail iptables-services whois

Create main configuration file

Create a local configuration file to override default settings. Never edit the main jail.conf file directly as updates will overwrite your changes.

sudo cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf /etc/fail2ban/jail.local

Configure basic Fail2ban settings

Edit the main configuration file with your preferred settings for ban times, retry attempts, and email notifications.

[DEFAULT]
Ban hosts for 24 hours (86400 seconds)
bantime = 86400

Number of failures before a host gets banned
maxretry = 5

Time frame in which failures are counted (10 minutes)
findtime = 600

Backend for storing ban information
backend = systemd

Destination email for notifications
destemail = admin@example.com

Sender email address
sender = fail2ban@example.com

Email subject line
subject = [Fail2ban] %(name)s: banned %(ip)s from %(fq-hostname)s

Enable email notifications
action = %(action_mwl)s

Whitelist your IP addresses (replace with your actual IPs)
ignoreip = 127.0.0.1/8 ::1 203.0.113.10/32

Custom ban action with detailed logging
banaction = iptables-multiport
banaction_allports = iptables-allports

Configure SSH protection jail

Add enhanced SSH protection with custom settings for port and log monitoring. This jail monitors both password and key-based authentication failures.

[sshd]
enabled = true
port = 22
filter = sshd
logpath = /var/log/auth.log
maxretry = 3
bantime = 3600
findtime = 300

Advanced SSH filter with additional patterns
[sshd-aggressive]
enabled = true
port = 22
filter = sshd-aggressive
logpath = /var/log/auth.log
maxretry = 2
bantime = 86400
findtime = 600

Create custom SSH filter

Create an aggressive SSH filter that catches more attack patterns including connection drops and invalid users.

[Definition]
Aggressive SSH filter that catches multiple attack patterns
failregex = ^%(__prefix_line)s(?:error: PAM: )?[aA]uthentication (?:failure|error|failed) for . from ( via \S+)?\s$
            ^%(__prefix_line)s(?:error: )?Received disconnect from : 3: .*: Auth fail$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sFailed (?:password|publickey) for . from (?: port \d)?(?: ssh\d*)?$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sROOT LOGIN REFUSED. FROM \s$
            ^%(__prefix_line)siI user . from \s$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sUser .+ from  not allowed because not listed in AllowUsers\s*$
            ^%(__prefix_line)srefused connect from \S+ \(\)\s*$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sConnection closed by .\[preauth\]\s$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sConnection from .on unused port\s$

ignoreregex =

[Init]
Read common prefixes
journalmatch = _SYSTEMD_UNIT=sshd.service + _COMM=sshd

Configure web server protection

Add protection for Nginx and Apache web servers against common attacks like 404 flooding and authentication failures.

# Nginx protection
[nginx-http-auth]
enabled = true
filter = nginx-http-auth
logpath = /var/log/nginx/error.log
maxretry = 3
bantime = 3600

[nginx-noscript]
enabled = true
filter = nginx-noscript
logpath = /var/log/nginx/access.log
maxretry = 6
bantime = 86400

[nginx-badbots]
enabled = true
filter = nginx-badbots
logpath = /var/log/nginx/access.log
maxretry = 2
bantime = 86400

[nginx-noproxy]
enabled = true
filter = nginx-noproxy
logpath = /var/log/nginx/access.log
maxretry = 2
bantime = 86400

Apache protection
[apache-auth]
enabled = true
filter = apache-auth
logpath = /var/log/apache2/error.log
maxretry = 3
bantime = 3600

[apache-badbots]
enabled = true
filter = apache-badbots
logpath = /var/log/apache2/access.log
maxretry = 2
bantime = 86400

[apache-noscript]
enabled = true
filter = apache-noscript
logpath = /var/log/apache2/access.log
maxretry = 6
bantime = 86400

Create custom web attack filter

Create a filter to detect common web application attacks including SQL injection attempts and directory traversal.

[Definition]
Custom filter for detecting web application attacks
failregex = ^ -.\"(GET|POST|PUT|DELETE).\\x.\" (4[0-9][0-9]|5[0-9][0-9]).$
            ^ -.\"(GET|POST).(union|select|insert|drop|delete|update|script|alert).\" (4[0-9][0-9]|5[0-9][0-9]).$
            ^ -.\"(GET|POST).\\.\\./.\" (4[0-9][0-9]|5[0-9][0-9]).$
            ^ -.\"(GET|POST).(eval|exec|system|passthru).\" (4[0-9][0-9]|5[0-9][0-9]).$
            ^ -.\" 40[4-9] .$

ignoreregex =

Configure email notifications

Set up detailed email notifications with custom templates that include attack information and geographic data.

[Definition]
Custom email action with enhanced information
actionstart = printf %%b "Hi,\n
              The jail  has been started successfully.\n
              Regards,\n
              Fail2Ban" | mail -s "[Fail2Ban] : started on hostname" 

actionstop = printf %%b "Hi,\n
             The jail  has been stopped.\n
             Regards,\n
             Fail2Ban" | mail -s "[Fail2Ban] : stopped on hostname" 

actioncheck =

actionban = printf %%b "Hi,\n
            The IP  has just been banned by Fail2Ban after
             attempts against  on hostname.\n\n
            Lines containing IP: in \n
            grep ''  | tail -20\n\n
            WHOIS information for :\n
            whois  | head -20\n\n
            Regards,\n
            Fail2Ban" | mail -s "[Fail2Ban] : banned  from hostname" 

actionunban = printf %%b "Hi,\n
              The IP  has just been unbanned by Fail2Ban.\n\n
              Regards,\n
              Fail2Ban" | mail -s "[Fail2Ban] : unbanned  from hostname" 

[Init]
name = default
dest = root
logpath = /var/log/fail2ban.log

Enable and start Fail2ban service

Start the Fail2ban service and enable it to start automatically on system boot.

sudo systemctl enable fail2ban
sudo systemctl start fail2ban
sudo systemctl status fail2ban

Configure firewall persistence

Ensure that Fail2ban rules persist across reboots and integrate properly with your firewall configuration.

sudo systemctl enable netfilter-persistent
sudo netfilter-persistent save

sudo systemctl enable iptables
sudo service iptables save

Advanced configuration and monitoring

Set up log rotation

Configure log rotation for Fail2ban to prevent log files from consuming excessive disk space.

/var/log/fail2ban.log {
    daily
    missingok
    rotate 30
    compress
    delaycompress
    postrotate
        /usr/bin/fail2ban-client flushlogs >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
    endscript
    create 640 root adm
}

Create monitoring script

Create a monitoring script to track Fail2ban performance and generate daily reports.

#!/bin/bash
Fail2ban daily report script

echo "=== Fail2ban Daily Report - $(date) ==="
echo ""
echo "Active Jails:"
fail2ban-client status
echo ""

for jail in $(fail2ban-client status | grep "Jail list:" | cut -d: -f2 | sed 's/,//g'); do
    echo "=== $jail jail status ==="
    fail2ban-client status $jail
    echo ""
done

echo "Recent ban activity (last 24 hours):"
grep "Ban " /var/log/fail2ban.log | grep "$(date --date='1 day ago' '+%Y-%m-%d')\|$(date '+%Y-%m-%d')"
echo ""

echo "Top 10 banned IPs:"
grep "Ban " /var/log/fail2ban.log | awk '{print $7}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -10

Make monitoring script executable

Set correct permissions for the monitoring script and add it to daily cron jobs.

sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/fail2ban-report.sh
sudo ln -s /usr/local/bin/fail2ban-report.sh /etc/cron.daily/fail2ban-report

Warning: Never use chmod 777 on configuration files or scripts. The 755 permission gives read and execute access to everyone while maintaining write access only for root, which is appropriate for system scripts.

Testing and validation

Test SSH jail functionality

Test your SSH jail by attempting failed logins from another system or using a test account.

# Check if fail2ban is monitoring SSH
sudo fail2ban-client status sshd

Monitor live logs during testing
sudo tail -f /var/log/fail2ban.log

Test email notifications

Send a test email notification to verify your email configuration is working.

# Test mail system
echo "Test email from fail2ban" | mail -s "Test Email" admin@example.com

Check mail logs
sudo tail -f /var/log/mail.log

Verify your setup

# Check Fail2ban service status
sudo systemctl status fail2ban

List all active jails
sudo fail2ban-client status

Check specific jail status
sudo fail2ban-client status sshd

View recent Fail2ban activity
sudo tail -20 /var/log/fail2ban.log

Check current iptables rules created by Fail2ban
sudo iptables -L -n | grep fail2ban

Test configuration syntax
sudo fail2ban-client -t

Performance optimization

Optimize log processing

Configure Fail2ban to process logs more efficiently for high-traffic servers by adjusting polling intervals and backend settings.

[DEFAULT]
Optimize for high-traffic servers
backend = systemd

Reduce polling interval for faster detection
logencoding = auto

Use systemd journal for better performance
journalmatch = _SYSTEMD_UNIT=sshd.service

Configure database backend

Use SQLite database backend for better performance with large numbers of IPs and persistent storage.

[DEFAULT]
Use database backend for better performance
dbfile = /var/lib/fail2ban/fail2ban.sqlite3
dbpurgeage = 1d

Managing whitelists and permanent bans

Manage IP whitelist

Add trusted IP addresses to prevent them from being banned, including office networks and monitoring systems.

# Add IP to whitelist permanently (edit jail.local)
sudo nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
Add to ignoreip line: 203.0.113.0/24

Unban specific IP immediately
sudo fail2ban-client set sshd unbanip 203.0.113.50

Reload Fail2ban configuration
sudo fail2ban-client reload

Create permanent ban list

Set up a permanent ban list for repeat offenders and known malicious IP ranges.

# Permanent IP blacklist - one IP per line
Known attackers
198.51.100.5
198.51.100.0/24
Tor exit nodes (example)
203.0.113.100
203.0.113.101

Apply permanent blacklist

Create a jail that monitors the blacklist file and permanently bans listed IPs.

[blacklist]
enabled = true
filter = blacklist
action = iptables-allports[name=blacklist]
logpath = /etc/fail2ban/ip.blacklist
maxretry = 1
bantime = -1
findtime = 31536000

Integration with monitoring systems

For comprehensive server monitoring, consider integrating Fail2ban logs with Grafana and Prometheus monitoring setup. You can also secure your web applications further by implementing NGINX with modern security headers alongside Fail2ban protection.

Common issues

Symptom	Cause	Fix
Fail2ban won't start	Configuration syntax error	`sudo fail2ban-client -t` to check config syntax
Email notifications not working	Mail system not configured	Install and configure sendmail: `sudo apt install sendmail`
Rules not blocking IPs	Wrong log file path or format	Check log paths in jail config match actual log locations
Self-lockout from SSH	IP not in whitelist	Add your IP to ignoreip in jail.local and reboot server
High CPU usage	Too frequent log polling	Increase findtime and reduce log polling frequency
Bans not persistent	Firewall rules not saved	Run `sudo netfilter-persistent save` on Ubuntu/Debian
Systemd journal errors	Wrong journalmatch filter	Verify service names: `systemctl list-units \| grep ssh`

Next steps

Automated install script

Run this to automate the entire setup

install.sh

#!/usr/bin/env bash

set -euo pipefail

# Colors for output
RED='\033[0;31m'
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
NC='\033[0m' # No Color

# Global variables
SCRIPT_NAME=$(basename "$0")
BACKUP_DIR="/root/fail2ban_backup_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)"

# Usage function
usage() {
    echo "Usage: $SCRIPT_NAME [OPTIONS]"
    echo "Options:"
    echo "  -e EMAIL     Admin email for notifications (required)"
    echo "  -i IP        Additional IP to whitelist (optional, can be used multiple times)"
    echo "  -p PORT      SSH port (default: 22)"
    echo "  -h           Show this help message"
    echo ""
    echo "Example: $SCRIPT_NAME -e admin@example.com -i 192.168.1.100 -p 2222"
}

# Cleanup function for rollback
cleanup() {
    echo -e "${RED}[ERROR] Installation failed. Rolling back changes...${NC}"
    if [[ -d "$BACKUP_DIR" ]]; then
        systemctl stop fail2ban 2>/dev/null || true
        if [[ -f "$BACKUP_DIR/jail.local" ]]; then
            cp "$BACKUP_DIR/jail.local" /etc/fail2ban/jail.local 2>/dev/null || true
        fi
        systemctl start fail2ban 2>/dev/null || true
        echo -e "${YELLOW}Backup files available at: $BACKUP_DIR${NC}"
    fi
    exit 1
}

trap cleanup ERR

# Parse command line arguments
ADMIN_EMAIL=""
WHITELIST_IPS=()
SSH_PORT=22

while getopts "e:i:p:h" opt; do
    case $opt in
        e) ADMIN_EMAIL="$OPTARG" ;;
        i) WHITELIST_IPS+=("$OPTARG") ;;
        p) SSH_PORT="$OPTARG" ;;
        h) usage; exit 0 ;;
        *) usage; exit 1 ;;
    esac
done

if [[ -z "$ADMIN_EMAIL" ]]; then
    echo -e "${RED}Error: Admin email is required${NC}"
    usage
    exit 1
fi

# Check if running as root
if [[ $EUID -ne 0 ]]; then
    echo -e "${RED}Error: This script must be run as root${NC}"
    exit 1
fi

# Detect distribution
if [[ ! -f /etc/os-release ]]; then
    echo -e "${RED}Error: Cannot detect distribution${NC}"
    exit 1
fi

source /etc/os-release

case "$ID" in
    ubuntu|debian)
        PKG_MGR="apt"
        PKG_UPDATE="apt update && apt upgrade -y"
        PKG_INSTALL="apt install -y"
        AUTH_LOG="/var/log/auth.log"
        SENDMAIL_PKG="sendmail"
        IPTABLES_PKG="iptables-persistent"
        ;;
    almalinux|rocky|centos|rhel|ol)
        PKG_MGR="dnf"
        PKG_UPDATE="dnf update -y"
        PKG_INSTALL="dnf install -y"
        AUTH_LOG="/var/log/secure"
        SENDMAIL_PKG="sendmail"
        IPTABLES_PKG="iptables-services"
        ;;
    fedora)
        PKG_MGR="dnf"
        PKG_UPDATE="dnf update -y"
        PKG_INSTALL="dnf install -y"
        AUTH_LOG="/var/log/secure"
        SENDMAIL_PKG="sendmail"
        IPTABLES_PKG="iptables-services"
        ;;
    amzn)
        PKG_MGR="yum"
        PKG_UPDATE="yum update -y"
        PKG_INSTALL="yum install -y"
        AUTH_LOG="/var/log/secure"
        SENDMAIL_PKG="sendmail"
        IPTABLES_PKG="iptables-services"
        ;;
    *)
        echo -e "${RED}Error: Unsupported distribution: $ID${NC}"
        exit 1
        ;;
esac

echo -e "${GREEN}Starting Fail2ban installation for $PRETTY_NAME${NC}"

# Create backup directory
mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR"

echo -e "${YELLOW}[1/7] Updating system packages...${NC}"
$PKG_UPDATE

echo -e "${YELLOW}[2/7] Installing Fail2ban and dependencies...${NC}"
$PKG_INSTALL fail2ban $SENDMAIL_PKG $IPTABLES_PKG whois

# Backup existing configuration if it exists
if [[ -f /etc/fail2ban/jail.local ]]; then
    cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.local "$BACKUP_DIR/"
fi

echo -e "${YELLOW}[3/7] Creating main configuration file...${NC}"
cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf /etc/fail2ban/jail.local

echo -e "${YELLOW}[4/7] Configuring Fail2ban settings...${NC}"

# Build whitelist IP string
IGNORE_IPS="127.0.0.1/8 ::1"
for ip in "${WHITELIST_IPS[@]}"; do
    IGNORE_IPS="$IGNORE_IPS $ip"
done

# Create main jail.local configuration
cat > /etc/fail2ban/jail.local << EOF
[DEFAULT]
# Ban hosts for 24 hours (86400 seconds)
bantime = 86400

# Number of failures before a host gets banned
maxretry = 5

# Time frame in which failures are counted (10 minutes)
findtime = 600

# Backend for storing ban information
backend = systemd

# Destination email for notifications
destemail = $ADMIN_EMAIL

# Sender email address
sender = fail2ban@$(hostname -f)

# Email subject line
subject = [Fail2ban] %(name)s: banned %(ip)s from %(fq-hostname)s

# Enable email notifications
action = %(action_mwl)s

# Whitelist IP addresses
ignoreip = $IGNORE_IPS

# Custom ban action with detailed logging
banaction = iptables-multiport
banaction_allports = iptables-allports

[sshd]
enabled = true
port = $SSH_PORT
filter = sshd
logpath = $AUTH_LOG
maxretry = 3
bantime = 3600
findtime = 300

[sshd-aggressive]
enabled = true
port = $SSH_PORT
filter = sshd-aggressive
logpath = $AUTH_LOG
maxretry = 2
bantime = 86400
findtime = 600
EOF

echo -e "${YELLOW}[5/7] Creating custom SSH filter...${NC}"

cat > /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/sshd-aggressive.conf << 'EOF'
[Definition]
# Aggressive SSH filter that catches multiple attack patterns
failregex = ^%(__prefix_line)s(?:error: PAM: )?[aA]uthentication (?:failure|error|failed) for .* from <HOST>( via \S+)?\s*$
            ^%(__prefix_line)s(?:error: )?Received disconnect from <HOST>: 3: .*: Auth fail$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sFailed (?:password|publickey) for .* from <HOST>(?: port \d*)?(?: ssh\d*)?$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sROOT LOGIN REFUSED .* FROM <HOST>\s*$
            ^%(__prefix_line)s[iI](?:llegal|nvalid) user .* from <HOST>\s*$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sUser .+ from <HOST> not allowed because not listed in AllowUsers\s*$
            ^%(__prefix_line)srefused connect from \S+ \(<HOST>\)\s*$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sConnection closed by <HOST> \[preauth\]\s*$
            ^%(__prefix_line)sConnection from <HOST> on unused port\s*$

ignoreregex =

[Init]
# Read common prefixes
journalmatch = _SYSTEMD_UNIT=sshd.service + _COMM=sshd
EOF

# Add web server protection if nginx or apache is detected
if command -v nginx >/dev/null 2>&1 && [[ -d /var/log/nginx ]]; then
    echo -e "${YELLOW}Nginx detected, adding web server protection...${NC}"
    cat >> /etc/fail2ban/jail.local << 'EOF'

[nginx-http-auth]
enabled = true
filter = nginx-http-auth
logpath = /var/log/nginx/error.log
maxretry = 3
bantime = 3600

[nginx-noscript]
enabled = true
filter = nginx-noscript
logpath = /var/log/nginx/access.log
maxretry = 6
bantime = 86400

[nginx-badbots]
enabled = true
filter = nginx-badbots
logpath = /var/log/nginx/access.log
maxretry = 2
bantime = 86400
EOF
fi

if command -v apache2 >/dev/null 2>&1 || command -v httpd >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    echo -e "${YELLOW}Apache detected, adding web server protection...${NC}"
    cat >> /etc/fail2ban/jail.local << 'EOF'

[apache-auth]
enabled = true
filter = apache-auth
logpath = /var/log/apache*/error.log
maxretry = 3
bantime = 3600

[apache-badbots]
enabled = true
filter = apache-badbots
logpath = /var/log/apache*/access.log
maxretry = 2
bantime = 86400
EOF
fi

echo -e "${YELLOW}[6/7] Setting proper permissions and starting services...${NC}"

# Set proper permissions
chmod 644 /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
chmod 644 /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/sshd-aggressive.conf
chown root:root /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
chown root:root /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/sshd-aggressive.conf

# Enable and start services
systemctl enable fail2ban
systemctl restart fail2ban

# Enable iptables service for RHEL-based systems
if [[ "$PKG_MGR" != "apt" ]]; then
    systemctl enable iptables
    systemctl start iptables
fi

echo -e "${YELLOW}[7/7] Verifying installation...${NC}"

# Verification checks
sleep 3

if ! systemctl is-active --quiet fail2ban; then
    echo -e "${RED}Error: Fail2ban service is not running${NC}"
    exit 1
fi

if ! fail2ban-client status >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    echo -e "${RED}Error: Fail2ban client communication failed${NC}"
    exit 1
fi

# Show status
echo -e "${GREEN}✓ Fail2ban installation completed successfully!${NC}"
echo ""
echo -e "${GREEN}Configuration Summary:${NC}"
echo "- Admin email: $ADMIN_EMAIL"
echo "- SSH port: $SSH_PORT"
echo "- Whitelisted IPs: $IGNORE_IPS"
echo "- Auth log: $AUTH_LOG"
echo ""
echo -e "${GREEN}Active jails:${NC}"
fail2ban-client status

echo ""
echo -e "${YELLOW}Useful commands:${NC}"
echo "- Check status: fail2ban-client status"
echo "- Check specific jail: fail2ban-client status sshd"
echo "- Unban IP: fail2ban-client set sshd unbanip IP_ADDRESS"
echo "- View logs: tail -f /var/log/fail2ban.log"
echo ""
echo -e "${GREEN}Installation complete! Your server is now protected by Fail2ban.${NC}"

Review the script before running. Execute with: bash install.sh

#fail2ban #ssh-security #brute-force-protection #email-alerts #intrusion-prevention

Install and configure Fail2ban with advanced rules and email alerts

Prerequisites

What this solves

Step-by-step installation

Update system packages

Install Fail2ban and required dependencies

Create main configuration file

Configure basic Fail2ban settings

Ban hosts for 24 hours (86400 seconds)

Number of failures before a host gets banned

Time frame in which failures are counted (10 minutes)

Backend for storing ban information

Destination email for notifications

Sender email address

Email subject line

Enable email notifications

Whitelist your IP addresses (replace with your actual IPs)

Custom ban action with detailed logging

Configure SSH protection jail

Advanced SSH filter with additional patterns

Create custom SSH filter

Aggressive SSH filter that catches multiple attack patterns

Read common prefixes

Configure web server protection

Apache protection

Create custom web attack filter

Custom filter for detecting web application attacks

Configure email notifications

Custom email action with enhanced information

Enable and start Fail2ban service

Configure firewall persistence

Advanced configuration and monitoring

Set up log rotation

Create monitoring script

Fail2ban daily report script

Make monitoring script executable

Testing and validation

Test SSH jail functionality

Monitor live logs during testing

Test email notifications

Check mail logs

Verify your setup

List all active jails

Check specific jail status

View recent Fail2ban activity

Check current iptables rules created by Fail2ban

Test configuration syntax

Performance optimization

Optimize log processing

Optimize for high-traffic servers

Reduce polling interval for faster detection

Use systemd journal for better performance

Configure database backend

Use database backend for better performance

Managing whitelists and permanent bans

Manage IP whitelist

Add to ignoreip line: 203.0.113.0/24

Unban specific IP immediately

Reload Fail2ban configuration

Create permanent ban list

Known attackers

Tor exit nodes (example)

Apply permanent blacklist

Integration with monitoring systems

Common issues

Next steps

Related tutorials

Configure Apache Airflow LDAP authentication and RBAC with Active Directory integration

Install and configure Keycloak for enterprise authentication with clustering

Install and configure Vault for secrets management with high availability

Don't want to manage this yourself?